Court Procedure and Evidence Issues Neal R. Bevans

Introductory Section
About Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
Pledge
Foreword
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEXTBOOK:
TEXTBOOK ASSETS
Gratitude
1 An Overview of the Court Procedure
Chapter Objectives
I INTRODUCTION TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
A. THE DISTINCTIONS AMONG CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAWSUITS
1. OUTCOMES OF LAWSUITS
FIGURE 1-1 Civil Versus Criminal Lawsuit Types
EXAMPLE
Sidebar
a. The Judgments
i. Liable
ii. Not Blameworthy
FIGURE 1-2 Amendment V, U.S. Constitution
iii. Liable but Mentally Unsound
iv. Not Blameworthy by Reason of Insanity (NGRI)
EXAMPLE
b. Judgments in Civil Cases
2. BURDEN OF PROOF VARIES
Sidebar
EXAMPLE
3. PARTIES WHO INITIATE AND SUSTAIN THE CIVIL SUIT
FIGURE 1-3 Categories of Civil Versus Criminal Cases
4. THE PLEADINGS
B. LEGAL LAWS, CASE LAW, AND COMMON LAW
1. THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
a. State Constitutions
FIGURE 1-4 Article VI, U.S. Constitution
2. LEGAL LAWS
a. Corporate Regulations, Statutes, and Ordinances
FIGURE 1-5 Amendment XVI, U.S. Constitution
3. CASE LAW
a. Case Law and the U.S. Supreme Court
4. COMMON LAW
a. Common Law Matrimony
FIGURE 1-6 Examples of Common Law
b. Year and a Day Principle
c. Possession Is Nine-Tenths of the Law
d. Common Law Nowadays
i. Statutory Offenses and Common Law Offenses
ii. Common Law in Everyday Practice
II FEDERAL LAWSUITS VERSUS STATE LAWSUITS
PROFILING THE EXPERT
A. FEDERAL AUTHORITY
B. STATE AUTHORITY
FIGURE 1-7 Federal Courts Handled 20% of the Nation’s Criminal Weapon Convictions in 2004
1. STATE LAWSUITS VERSUS FEDERAL LAWSUITS
FIGURE 1-8 Criminal Defendants Convicted in State and Federal Courts, 2004, 2000, and 1996
III FEDERAL VERSUS STATE COURT SYSTEMS
A. THE LEVELS OF THE FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM
FIGURE 1-9 Disposition and Case Progress Time of Defendants in Lawsuits Concluded in U.S. District Court, 2005
1. TRIAL COURTS: FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT
Sidebar
2. APPELLATE COURTS: COURT OF APPEALS
FIGURE 1-10 Federal Circuits of the United States
FIGURE 1-11 States Within Each Federal Circuit
Sidebar
FIGURE 1-12 The Current Members of the Supreme Court
3. U.S. SUPREME COURT
FIGURE 1-13 Article III, §1, U.S. Constitution
B. THE LEVELS OF THE STATE COURT SYSTEM
1. TRIAL COURTS
2. APPELLATE COURTS
3. STATE SUPREME COURT
CASE EXCERPT
CASE QUERY
CHAPTER SYNOPSIS
IMPORTANT TERMS
REVIEW QUERIES
WEB SCOURING
WORKOUTS
QUERIES FOR ANALYSIS
2 The Individuals
Chapter Objectives
I JUDGES
A. QUALIFICATIONS
EXAMPLE
B. ELECTED VERSUS APPOINTED
C. ROLE IN THE PROCEEDINGS
1. MAGISTRATES
PROFILING THE EXPERT
2. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
D. JUDICIAL ETHICS
FIGURE 2-1 Judicial Positions
1. CIVIL IMMUNITY FOR JUDGES
EXAMPLE
2. RESTRICTIONS ON JUDGES
EXAMPLE
II PROSECUTOR
A. BECOMING A PROSECUTOR
1. CIVIL IMMUNITY FOR PROSECUTORS
2. WHO CAN BECOME A PROSECUTOR?
B. ROLE IN THE PROCEEDINGS
1. JURISDICTIONAL LIMITS ON PROSECUTORS
C. PROSECUTORIAL ETHICS
D. STATE AND FEDERAL PROSECUTORS
1. U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL
Sidebar
FIGURE 2-2 Sequence of Succession After a Presidential Death
2. U.S. ATTORNEYS
Sidebar
Sidebar
3. STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL
Sidebar
FIGURE 2-3 The Obligations of the U.S. Attorney
4. DISTRICT ATTORNEY
FIGURE 2-4 Percentage of Matters Declined by U.S. Attorneys
5. COORDINATION BETWEEN STATE AND FEDERAL AUTHORITIES
III DEFENSE ATTORNEY
FIGURE 2-5 Profiling Lawyers
A. ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE
FIGURE 2-6 Median Yearly Salaries of Lawyers, 2008
Sidebar
EXAMPLE
IV DEFENDANT
A. JUVENILE OFFENDERS
V VICTIM
A. VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS
1. MONETARY COMPENSATION AND RESTITUTION FOR VICTIMS
a. Victim-Witness Coordinators
VI LAW ENFORCEMENT
A. USE OF FORCE
1. USE OF POLICE DOGS
2. POLICE BRUTALITY AND CORRUPTION
3. LIABILITY OF POLICE OFFICERS
B. UNDERCOVER POLICE OFFICERS
VII PROBATION OFFICERS
VIII JURIES
CASE EXCERPT
CASE QUERIES
CHAPTER SYNOPSIS
IMPORTANT TERMS
REVIEW QUERIES
WEB SCOURING
WORKOUTS
QUERIES FOR ANALYSIS
3 Proof
Chapter Objectives
I INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 3-1 Defining Relevant Evidence Under the Federal Guidelines
FIGURE 3-2 Judicial Notice
A. ADMISSIBILITY AND RELEVANCY
EXAMPLE
B. CLASSIFYING EVIDENCE: DIRECT AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL
EXAMPLE
1. CATEGORIES OF DIRECT EVIDENCE
a. Physical Evidence
b. Documentary Evidence
c. Testimonial Evidence
d. Demonstrative Evidence
PROFILING THE EXPERT
e. Evidence Used to Determine the Defendant
i. The Importance of an Eyewitness Identification
ii. Just How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony?
iii. Constitutional Limits on Lineups
iv. Right to Counsel at a Lineup
v. Individuals in a Lineup
vi. Photographic Lineups
PROFILING THE EXPERT
vii. Single-Suspect Lineups
viii. One-Person Show-Ups
ix. Sanctions for an Improper Lineup
x. Self-Incrimination and Identification
EXAMPLE
C. OTHER EVIDENTIARY CONCERNS
1. DNA TESTING
a. DNA As an Evidential Tool
PROFILING THE EXPERT
b. DNA Databases
CASE EXCERPT
CASE QUERIES
Sidebar
2. FINGERPRINTING
PROFILING THE EXPERT
Sidebar
3. BLOOD TESTING
4. POLYGRAPH TESTING
5. VOICE TESTING
D. USE OF EVIDENCE IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
1. FOUNDATION INQUIRIES
2. CHAIN OF CUSTODY REQUIREMENTS
3. EVIDENCE ROOMS
PROFILING THE EXPERT
E. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE
Sidebar
1. “FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE”
a. Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule
i. Inevitable Discovery
ii. Good Faith
iii. Independent Source
F. HOW THE JUDGE AND JURY UTILIZE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
CHAPTER SYNOPSIS
IMPORTANT TERMS
REVIEW QUERIES
WEB SCOURING
WORKOUTS
QUERIES FOR ANALYSIS
4 Legal Proceedings and Proof
Chapter Objectives
I PROBABLE CAUSE AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT
EXAMPLE
A. PROBABLE CAUSE
1. THE PREFERENCE FOR WARRANTS
a. Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement
i. Contraband
ii. Consent
iii. Abandoned Property
iv. Pat-Down
v. Exigent Circumstances
2. BASING PROBABLE CAUSE ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY ANOTHER POLICE OFFICER
3. BASING PROBABLE CAUSE ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY A CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT
4. BASING PROBABLE CAUSE ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY A CITIZEN OR WITNESS
5. BASING PROBABLE CAUSE ON ANONYMOUS TIPS
6. BASING PROBABLE CAUSE ON SPECIALIZED TRAINING
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
B. STANDARDS FOR THE ISSUANCE OF AN ARREST WARRANT
1. ARREST WARRANTS
PROFILING THE EXPERT
2. ARRESTS OUTSIDE THE OFFICER’S JURISDICTION
3. CITIZEN’S ARREST
4. ARRESTING WITHOUT A WARRANT FOR MISDEMEANORS
FIGURE 4-1 Suspects Arrested and Booked by U.S. Marshals
a. What Constitutes the Officer’s “Presence”?
EXAMPLE
C. STANDARDS FOR ISSUANCE OF A SEARCH WARRANT
EXAMPLE
D. WHO CAN CHALLENGE A SEARCH?
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
II INTERROGATION AND MIRANDA
A. ORAL AND WRITTEN STATEMENTS
B. MIRANDA v. ARIZONA
1. HISTORY OF THE MIRANDA CASE
FIGURE 4-2 The Miranda Rights
2. EXCEPTIONS TO MIRANDA
a. Background or Routine Police Questioning
b. Exigent Circumstances
c. Voluntary Statements
i. When It Is Lawful to Use Trickery
EXAMPLE
d. Traffic Stops
3. REINITIATING QUESTIONING AND MIRANDA RIGHTS
4. WHEN MUST THE POLICE STOP QUESTIONING A SUSPECT?
III ARREST
A. DEFINING ARREST
B. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER ARREST?
IV INITIAL APPEARANCE
Preliminary appearance
A. THE PURPOSE OF THE INITIAL APPEARANCE
1. INFORMING THE ACCUSED
2. RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
3. RIGHT TO COUNSEL
FIGURE 4-3 Time Between Arrest and Sentencing
V BAIL/BOND—GETTING OUT OF JAIL
A. THE PURPOSE OF BAIL
PROFILING THE EXPERT
1. FACTORS THAT COURTS CONSIDER BEFORE SETTING BAIL
a. Seriousness of the Offense
b. Defendant’s Ties to the Community
c. Defendant’s Likelihood of Flight
d. General Safety of the Community
B. TYPES OF BAIL
1. MONETARY BAIL
a. Bonding Companies
i. Bounty Hunters
2. PROPERTY BONDS
3. RECOGNIZANCE BAIL
C. REVOKING BAIL
D. POSTCONVICTION BOND
VI PRELIMINARY HEARING
A. THE PURPOSE OF THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
B. THE PROCEDURE AT THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
1. RULES OF EVIDENCE
2. THE DEFENDANT’S ROLE IN THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
3. THE PRELIMINARY HEARING DOCKET
C. NEGOTIATIONS AT THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
D. THE DECISION AT THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
PROFILING THE EXPERT
CASE EXCERPT
CASE QUERIES
CHAPTER SYNOPSIS
IMPORTANT TERMS
REVIEW QUERIES
WEB SCOURING
WORKOUTS
QUERIES FOR ANALYSIS
5 Initiating the Case
Chapter Objectives
I INTRODUCTION
II GRAND JURY
A. COMPOSITION OF THE GRAND JURY
PROFILING THE EXPERT
1. CHALLENGING THE COMPOSITION OF THE GRAND JURY
B. PURPOSE OF THE GRAND JURY
1. BURDEN OF PROOF BEFORE THE GRAND JURY
Sidebar
Sidebar
C. FEDERAL GRAND JURY VERSUS STATE GRAND JURY
1. IMMUNITY IN THE FEDERAL GRAND JURY
D. SUBPOENAS
1. QUASHING A SUBPOENA
E. GRAND JURY SECRECY
PROFILING THE EXPERT
F. PROCEDURE BEFORE THE GRAND JURY
1. PRESENTING A CASE TO THE GRAND JURY
a. Testifying Before the Grand Jury
i. Pleading the “Fifth”
ii. Invoking a Privilege Before the Grand Jury
EXAMPLE
G. CONTEMPT POWERS OF THE GRAND JURY
1. TRUE BILL VERSUS NO BILL
EXAMPLE
2. AFTER THE GRAND JURY’S DECISION
III INDICTMENTS
A. PURPOSE OF THE INDICTMENT
B. DRAFTING THE INDICTMENT
C. CHALLENGING INDICTMENTS
PROFILING THE EXPERT
1. QUASHING AN INDICTMENT
2. BILL OF PARTICULARS
IV ARRAIGNMENT
A. PURPOSE OF THE ARRAIGNMENT
B. FILING MOTIONS AT AN ARRAIGNMENT
C. WAIVING ARRAIGNMENT
D. FAILURE TO APPEAR FOR ARRAIGNMENT
EXAMPLE
CASE EXCERPT
CASE QUERIES
CHAPTER SYNOPSIS
IMPORTANT TERMS
REVIEW QUERIES
WEB SCOURING
WORKOUTS
QUERIES FOR ANALYSIS
6 Discovery and Pretrial Motions
Chapter Objectives
I DISCOVERY
Sidebar
Sidebar
PROFILING THE EXPERT
A. DISCOVERY THAT IS NORMALLY PROVIDED BY THE PROSECUTION
Sidebar
1. WITNESS LIST
2. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
3. DEFENDANT’S STATEMENTS
4. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
FIGURE 6-1 Defendant’s Motion for Discovery
B. DEPOSITIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES
C. ORGANIZING DISCOVERY
D. DISCOVERY IN MISDEMEANOR CASES
E. VARIATION IN DISCOVERY RULES AROUND THE UNITED STATES
F. RECENT CHANGES IN DISCOVERY LAWS
G. INFORMATION THAT IS NORMALLY NOT DISCOVERABLE BY THE DEFENDANT
1. WORK PRODUCT
2. CRIMINAL RECORDS OF WITNESSES
a. Why the State Might Disclose a Witness’s Criminal History
H. OPEN-FILE POLICY
II PROSECUTION MOTIONS
A. SIMILAR TRANSACTIONS
PROFILING THE EXPERT
B. AGGRAVATION OF SENTENCE
FIGURE 6-2 Rule 13. Joint Trial of Separate Cases
C. MOTION TO JOIN
III DEFENSE MOTIONS
A. Brady Motion
EXAMPLE
Sidebar
1. IN CAMERA INSPECTIONS BY JUDGES
EXAMPLE
B. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
EXAMPLE
C. OTHER MOTIONS
1. MOTION TO SEVER
2. MOTION TO CHANGE VENUE
3. SPEEDY TRIAL DEMAND
a. Dismissing a Case for Failure to Obtain a Speedy Trial
b. How Speedy Should a “Speedy Trial” Be?
c. When the Defendant May Not Want a Speedy Trial After All
d. When Is the Right to a Speedy Trial Triggered?
4. MOTION FOR CONTINUANCE
5. MOTION IN LIMINE
6. MOTION TO “DISCLOSE THE DEAL” (GIGLIO)
7. MOTION TO DISCLOSE THE IDENTITY OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS
CASE EXCERPT
CASE QUERIES
CHAPTER SYNOPSIS
IMPORTANT TERMS
REVIEW QUERIES
WEB SCOURING
WORKOUTS
QUERIES FOR ANALYSIS
7 Preparing for the Trial: The Prosecution
Chapter Objectives
I EVALUATING THE CASE FOR THE PROSECUTION
A. COURT DOCKETS
1. PLEA BARGAINS
Plea deal
FIGURE 7-1 Median Annual Budget for State Prosecutors’ Offices, 1992-2005
a. Critics of the Plea Bargain System
FIGURE 7-2 Term of Office, Length of Service, and Salary of Chief Prosecutors
B. PRIORITIZING THE CASES ON THE TRIAL DOCKET
FIGURE 7-3 2005 Profile of Prosecutors
II BURDENS OF PROOF, PRESUMPTIONS, AND INFERENCES
Burden of proof
A. BURDEN OF PROOF
Burden of persuasion
Sidebar
1. THE BURDEN OF PROOF IS ALWAYS ON THE STATE
B. INFERENCES AND PRESUMPTIONS
1. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
Presumption
FIGURE 7-4 Examples of Different Presumptions in Criminal Law
EXAMPLE
Sidebar
2. INFERENCES
Inference
FIGURE 7-5 Sample Jury Charge on Inferences
C. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE
Factor
Sidebar
FIGURE 7-6 Elements of Homicide in the First Degree
FIGURE 7-7 Proving the Elements of First-Degree Homicide
D. VENUE
Venue
PROFILING THE EXPERT
III PREPARING FOR TRIAL
A. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “COACHING” AND PREPARING A WITNESS
Teaching
PROFILING THE EXPERT
Sidebar
1. PREPARING